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IdeaLens-NoParaphrase

IdeaLens-NoParaphrase is an ablation of IdeaLens: the same backbone, documents and labels, trained on the outlines as extracted, without the paraphrasing step that removes the documents' wording. It reads a role-labelled outline and returns P(human), the probability that the document's ideas are human.

It is nvidia/NVIDIA-Nemotron-3.5-Lightning-30B-A3B-BF16 fine-tuned with LoRA (rank 64) on the outlines of 1M English web documents (IdeaLens-1M, outline field).

Results

This model is not reported in the paper. It is released for comparison with IdeaLens.

Usage

Scoring a document takes two steps:

  1. Extract an outline. An LLM writes the outline from the document, its format's role vocabulary and six worked examples (the paper uses Gemini 3.7 Flash). The prompts and role vocabularies are in the code repository: link added on publication. Score the outline as extracted; the paraphrasing step is only for training data.
  2. Score the outline with this model, as below.

Load the merged model (66 GB download)

import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("rishanthrajendhran/IdeaLens-NoParaphrase")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("rishanthrajendhran/IdeaLens-NoParaphrase", dtype=torch.bfloat16, device_map="auto").eval()

The weights take 59 GiB of GPU memory, and each input adds more; see Hardware requirements.

Or apply the adapter to the base model (3 GB download)

adapter/ holds the LoRA adapter as trained, in the layout of the Tinker training service. If you already have the base model, load_adapter.py merges the adapter into it in memory. The resulting weights are bit-identical to the merged model's:

import importlib.util
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download

path = hf_hub_download("rishanthrajendhran/IdeaLens-NoParaphrase", "load_adapter.py")
spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("load_adapter", path)
la = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec); spec.loader.exec_module(la)
model, tok = la.load_model()   # base model + adapter/, then la.p_human(model, tok, outline)

Do not load adapter/ with peft.PeftModel. In transformers, Nemotron fuses the Mamba gate and x projections into one in_proj and stores each layer's 128 routed experts as a single 3D tensor, so PEFT has nowhere to attach most of the adapter and skips it without a warning; the model then scores close to the base model. tinker-cookbook's weights.build_hf_model can also merge the adapter into full weights.

Score an outline

Write the outline one item per line, as [Role] content. IdeaLens-NoParaphrase compares the next-token probabilities of human and ai:

SYSTEM = "Given a role-labelled outline of a document, answer with one word: human if the source document was human-written, ai if it was AI-generated."
SUFFIX = "<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>assistant\n<think>\n\n</think>\n\n"
HUMAN, AI = 50755, 2464   # token ids of "human" and "ai"

@torch.no_grad()
def p_human(outline):
    ids = tok.encode(f"<|im_start|>system\n{SYSTEM}<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>user\n{outline}{SUFFIX}",
                     add_special_tokens=False)
    logits = model(torch.tensor([ids], device=model.device)).logits[0, -1].float()
    return torch.softmax(logits[[HUMAN, AI]], -1)[0].item()

outline = ("[Central Development] A town's water supply fails after a drought, and residents organise to share wells.\n"
           "[Background Context] The reservoir has been shrinking for three summers.\n"
           "[Open Question] Whether the council will fund a new pipeline remains undecided.")
print(p_human(outline))

Build the prompt string exactly as above rather than through the chat template.

Thresholds

IdeaLens-NoParaphrase flags a document as having AI ideas when P(human) is at or below a cut. Each cut is set so that a given share of human documents is flagged (the false-positive rate, FPR), measured on the 80,000 human documents in IdeaLens-1M's calibration split (10,000 per format). The paper's operating point is the global cut at 1% FPR. These cuts were fitted on scores from the merged weights in this repo, computed locally in bf16.

FPR 0.1% 0.5% 1% 2% 5%
Global cut 0.00538 0.03359 0.09947 0.50391 0.94738

Per-format cuts give each format its own operating point. They need the document's format, which the paper assigns with WebOrganizer's FormatClassifier (FormatClassifier-NoURL when there is no URL). Each is the format's own quantile, shrunk toward the global cut with weight n / (n + 2500); at 0.1% FPR 10,000 documents per format are too few, so there is no per-format cut. A document outside these eight formats has no per-format cut; do not fall back to the global cut for it.

Format 0.5% 1% 2% 5%
Nonfiction Writing 0.01682 0.04034 0.14608 0.74359
Knowledge Article 0.02455 0.05113 0.16982 0.79109
Personal Blog 0.10743 0.47575 0.79001 0.97165
News Article 0.02812 0.07552 0.33610 0.86126
Academic Writing 0.17216 0.61199 0.85898 0.98434
User Reviews 0.15260 0.35787 0.76215 0.97357
Personal About Page 0.05767 0.23257 0.65484 0.94379
Creative Writing 0.36622 0.60222 0.80796 0.96994

thresholds.json holds every cut at full precision, plus per-topic cuts for the WebOrganizer topics with enough calibration documents.

These rates hold for English web documents like the training data. For another domain, fit the cut on human documents from that domain.

IdeaLens-NoParaphrase scores 91% of human calibration documents above 0.99, so its cuts at higher FPRs sit close to 1 and small shifts in score move the realised FPR a long way.

Hardware requirements

Measured with transformers 5.15 in bf16 on NVIDIA H100 80GB GPUs (our other runs used A100 80GB), with transformers' PyTorch implementation of the Mamba layers (no fused Mamba kernels installed). We have not tried CPU-only inference.

Merged model Adapter route (load_adapter.py)
Download 65.8 GB 65.8 GB base model + 3.1 GB adapter
Peak CPU RAM while loading 60 GiB 60 GiB
GPU memory once loaded 58.8 GiB 58.8 GiB (66 GiB during the ~10 s it takes to apply the adapter)

GPU memory then grows with the length of the input, by about 4.2 MiB per token at typical lengths, scoring one input at a time:

Input tokens 500 1,000 2,000 4,000 8,000
Peak GPU memory, one 80 GB GPU 61.0 GiB 63.1 GiB 67.3 GiB 75.7 GiB does not fit
Peak memory per GPU, two 80 GB GPUs (device_map="auto") 47.4 GiB 63.7 GiB
Seconds per input, H100 0.18 0.34 0.66 1.32 2.70

Inputs of 6,000 tokens do not fit on one 80 GB GPU and 12,000 do not fit on two; lowering the Mamba chunk size from 128 to 64 did not change either limit.

IdeaLens-NoParaphrase reads outlines, which are short. The outlines in IdeaLens-1M's calibration split average about 640 tokens with the prompt, and the longest is under 3,800, so one 80 GB GPU (A100 80GB or H100 80GB) is enough. Outline extraction runs through an LLM API and needs no local GPU.

Intended use and limitations

  • IdeaLens-NoParaphrase estimates the provenance of a document's ideas. It should not be the sole basis for decisions about a person's work.
  • It was trained on English web documents of at least 500 words in eight long-form formats (Nonfiction Writing, Knowledge Article, Personal Blog, News Article, Academic Writing, User Reviews, Personal About Page, Creative Writing).
  • Its training labels come from the Pangram prose detector, applied to whole documents. They record who wrote the prose, and because these outlines keep some of the documents' wording, the model can learn from that wording as well as from the ideas.
  • Errors in outline extraction carry into the score.

Related models

Model Backbone Reads
IdeaLens Nemotron-3.5-Lightning-30B-A3B, LoRA outline
ProseLens Nemotron-3.5-Lightning-30B-A3B, LoRA document text
IdeaLens-NoParaphrase (this model) Nemotron-3.5-Lightning-30B-A3B, LoRA outline, trained without paraphrasing
IdeaLens-Qwen3.5-9B Qwen3.5-9B, classification head outline
IdeaLens-ModernBERT-L ModernBERT-large outline
ProseLens-ModernBERT-L ModernBERT-large document text
IdeaLens-LogisticClassifier logistic regression over text-embedding-3-large outline
IdeaLens-ModernBERT-L-NoParaphrase ModernBERT-large outline, trained without paraphrasing
IdeaLens-ModernBERT-L-RolesOnly ModernBERT-large role labels only
IdeaLens-Qwen3.5-9B-PerItem Qwen3.5-9B, classification head single outline items, pooled
IdeaLens-ModernBERT-L-PerItem ModernBERT-large single outline items, pooled
IdeaLens-LogisticClassifier-PerItem logistic regression over text-embedding-3-large single outline items, pooled

Training data: IdeaLens-1M.

License

OpenMDW-1.1, the license of the base model (see LICENSE).

Citation

@article{idealens2026,
  title   = {IdeaLens: Detecting AI Ideas in Long-form Writing},
  author  = {Anonymous},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:TBD},
  year    = {2026},
  url     = {https://arxiv.org/abs/TBD}
}
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