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---
title: AI Math Question Classifier & Solver
emoji: 🧮
colorFrom: blue
colorTo: purple
sdk: docker
app_file: app.py
pinned: false
license: mit
tags:
  - text-classification
  - mathematics
  - education
  - machine-learning
  - nlp
  - tfidf
  - ensemble-methods
  - gemini
---
# 🧮 AI Math Question Classifier & Solver

<div align="center">

[![Demo](https://img.shields.io/badge/🤗-HuggingFace%20Space-blue)](https://huggingface.co/spaces/NeerajCodz/aiMathQuestionClassification)
[![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
[![Python 3.10+](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-3.10+-blue.svg)](https://www.python.org/downloads/)

**An intelligent system for automated mathematical question classification with AI-powered step-by-step solutions**

[Try Demo](https://huggingface.co/spaces/NeerajCodz/aiMathQuestionClassification) • [Report Bug](#contact) • [Request Feature](#contact)

</div>

---

## 📑 Table of Contents

- [Abstract](#abstract)
- [Problem Statement](#problem-statement)
- [System Architecture](#system-architecture)
- [Dataset](#dataset)
- [Methodology](#methodology)
- [Experimental Results](#experimental-results)
- [Design Decisions & Ablation Studies](#design-decisions--ablation-studies)
- [Deployment Architecture](#deployment-architecture)
- [Usage](#usage)
- [Future Work](#future-work)
- [Citation](#citation)

---

## Abstract

This work presents an end-to-end system for automated classification of mathematical questions into domain-specific categories (Algebra, Counting & Probability, Geometry, Intermediate Algebra, Number Theory, Precalculus, Prealgebra) using ensemble machine learning methods combined with AI-powered solution generation. The system achieves a **70.40% weighted F1-score** and **70.44% accuracy** on a test set of 5,000 competition-level mathematics problems through a hybrid feature engineering approach.

**Key Contributions:**
1. Domain-specific feature engineering for mathematical text classification.
2. Comparative analysis of five ML algorithms (Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, SVM, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting).
3. **No F1 Tuning**: The model was used without specific F1-tuning to maintain a baseline performance as per strict constraints.
4. Integration of traditional ML with modern LLM capabilities (Google Gemini 1.5-Flash).
5. Production-ready deployment on HuggingFace Spaces with Docker support.

---

## 🌟 Features

- **🎯 Real-time Classification**: Instantly categorizes math problems into topics (Algebra, Calculus, Geometry, etc.)
- **📊 Probability Scores**: Shows confidence levels for each predicted category with color-coded visualization
- **🤖 AI-Powered Solutions**: Integration with Google Gemini 1.5-Flash for detailed step-by-step solutions
- **📐 LaTeX Support**: Proper rendering of mathematical notation and equations
- **📚 Comprehensive Documentation**: Detailed insights into model training methodology and analytics
- **🐳 Docker Ready**: Fully containerized for easy deployment on any platform
- **🚀 HuggingFace Compatible**: Deploy directly to HuggingFace Spaces with one click

---

## Problem Statement

### Research Question
*How can we automatically categorize mathematical problems into their respective domains while maintaining high accuracy across diverse problem types and difficulty levels?*

### Challenges Addressed

1. **Domain Overlap**: Mathematical concepts often span multiple categories (e.g., calculus problems involving algebraic manipulation)

2. **LaTeX Complexity**: Mathematical notation encoded in LaTeX requires specialized preprocessing to extract semantic meaning

3. **Vocabulary Sparsity**: Mathematical text exhibits high vocabulary diversity with domain-specific terminology

4. **Class Imbalance**: Training data exhibits moderate class imbalance across seven categories

5. **Interpretability**: Educational applications require explainable predictions to guide students

### Applications

- **Adaptive Learning Systems**: Route students to appropriate learning materials based on problem classification
- **Automated Assessment**: Categorize student submissions for grading and feedback
- **Content Organization**: Organize problem banks in educational platforms
- **Difficulty Estimation**: Classification accuracy correlates with problem difficulty

---

## System Architecture

```
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        User Interface Layer                      │
│                    (Gradio Web Application)                      │
└────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┘
                             │
        ┌────────────────────┴────────────────────┐
        │                                         │
        ▼                                         ▼
┌───────────────────┐                  ┌──────────────────┐
│  Classification   │                  │   Solution       │
│     Pipeline      │                  │   Generation     │
│                   │                  │   (Gemini 1.5)   │
│ 1. Preprocessing  │                  └──────────────────┘
│ 2. Feature Extract│
│ 3. Vectorization  │
│ 4. Prediction     │
│ 5. Probability    │
└───────────────────┘
        │
        ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│         Model Ensemble              │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │  Gradient Boosting (Best)   │   │
│  │  F1-Score: 0.7040           │   │
│  └─────────────────────────────┘   │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
```

---

## Dataset

### MATH Dataset (Hendrycks et al., 2021)

**Source**: [MATH Dataset](https://github.com/hendrycks/math) - A dataset of 12,500 challenging competition mathematics problems

**Statistics:**
- **Training Set**: 7,500 problems
- **Test Set**: 5,000 problems
- **Categories**: 7 (Algebra, Calculus, Counting & Probability, Geometry, Intermediate Algebra, Number Theory, Precalculus)
- **Format**: JSON with problem text, solution, and difficulty level

**Class Distribution:**

| Topic                    | Train  | Test  | % Train | % Test |
|--------------------------|--------|-------|---------|--------|
| Precalculus              | 1,428  | 546   | 19.0%   | 10.9%  |
| Prealgebra               | 1,375  | 871   | 18.3%   | 17.4%  |
| Intermediate Algebra     | 1,211  | 903   | 16.1%   | 18.1%  |
| Algebra                  | 1,187  | 1,187 | 15.8%   | 23.7%  |
| Geometry                 | 956    | 479   | 12.7%   | 9.6%   |
| Number Theory            | 869    | 540   | 11.6%   | 10.8%  |
| Counting & Probability   | 474    | 474   | 6.3%    | 9.5%   |

![Dataset Distribution](assets/plot_0.png)

**Data Processing:**
1. JSON → Parquet conversion for 10-100x faster I/O
2. Train/test split preserved from original dataset
3. No data augmentation to prevent distribution shift

---

## Methodology

### Feature Engineering Pipeline

Our hybrid feature extraction approach combines three complementary feature types to capture both semantic content and mathematical structure.

#### 1. Text Features (TF-IDF Vectorization)

**Configuration:**
```python
TfidfVectorizer(
    max_features=5000,      # Vocabulary size
    ngram_range=(1, 3),     # Unigrams, bigrams, trigrams
    min_df=2,               # Ignore terms in < 2 documents
    max_df=0.95,            # Ignore terms in > 95% documents
    sublinear_tf=True       # Apply log scaling: 1 + log(tf)
)
```

**Rationale:**
- **N-gram Range (1,3)**: Captures multi-word mathematical expressions (e.g., "find the derivative", "pythagorean theorem")
- **min_df=2**: Removes hapax legomena (words appearing once) to reduce noise
- **max_df=0.95**: Filters stop words and domain-general terms
- **sublinear_tf**: Dampens effect of high-frequency terms, improves generalization
**Preprocessing Steps:**
1. **LaTeX Cleaning**: 
   ```python
   # Remove LaTeX commands while preserving content
   text = re.sub(r'\\[a-zA-Z]+\{([^}]*)\}', r'\1', text)
   text = re.sub(r'\\[a-zA-Z]+', ' ', text)
   ```
2. **Lemmatization**: Reduce inflectional forms to base (e.g., "deriving" → "derive")
3. **Stop Word Removal**: Remove 179 English stop words (NLTK corpus)
#### 2. Mathematical Symbol Features (10 Binary Indicators)
Domain-specific features designed to capture mathematical content beyond text:
| Feature              | Detection Pattern                    | Rationale                                  |
|----------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| `has_fraction`       | `'frac'` or `'/'`                   | Division operations common in algebra       |
| `has_sqrt`           | `'sqrt'` or `'√'`                   | Radicals indicate algebra/geometry          |
| `has_exponent`       | `'^'` or `'pow'`                    | Powers common in precalculus                |
| `has_integral`       | `'int'` or `'∫'`                    | Strong signal for calculus                  |
| `has_derivative`     | `"'"` or `'prime'`                  | Differentiation indicates calculus          |
| `has_summation`      | `'sum'` or `'∑'`                    | Series and sequences (precalculus)          |
| `has_pi`             | `'pi'` or `'π'`                     | Trigonometry and geometry                   |
| `has_trigonometric`  | `'sin'`, `'cos'`, `'tan'`           | Trigonometric functions (precalculus)       |
| `has_inequality`     | `'<'`, `'>'`, `'leq'`, `'geq'`      | Inequality problems (algebra)               |
| `has_absolute`       | `'abs'` or `'|'`                    | Absolute value (algebra/precalculus)        |
**Feature Importance Analysis:**
Ablation study shows these features contribute **2-3% F1-score improvement** over pure TF-IDF.
#### 3. Numeric Features (5 Statistical Measures)
Statistical properties of numbers appearing in problem text:
| Feature              | Description                          | Insight                                    |
|----------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| `num_count`          | Count of numbers in text             | Geometry often has specific measurements    |
| `has_large_numbers`  | Presence of numbers > 100            | Number theory involves large integers       |
| `has_decimals`       | Presence of decimal numbers          | Probability often uses decimal fractions    |
| `has_negatives`      | Presence of negative numbers         | Algebra/precalculus use negative values     |
| `avg_number`         | Mean of all numbers (scaled)         | Captures magnitude of problem domain        |
**Scaling:** MinMaxScaler applied to normalize to [0, 1] range for compatibility with TF-IDF features.
#### Feature Vector Construction
Final feature vector: **5,015 dimensions**
```
X = [TF-IDF (5000) | Math Symbols (10) | Numeric Features (5)]
```
**Dimensionality Justification:**
- 5,000 TF-IDF features capture 95% of vocabulary variance
- Higher dimensions (10k) showed diminishing returns (+0.5% accuracy, 2x memory)
- Sparse representation (CSR format) efficient for 5k dimensions
---
### Model Selection & Training
#### Algorithms Evaluated
We compare five algorithms spanning different inductive biases:
| Model                | Type           | Complexity | Interpretability | Training Time |
|----------------------|----------------|------------|------------------|---------------|
| Naive Bayes          | Probabilistic  | O(nd)      | High             | ~10s          |
| Logistic Regression  | Linear         | O(nd)      | High             | ~30s          |
| SVM (Linear Kernel)  | Max-Margin     | O(n²d)     | Medium           | ~120s         |
| Random Forest        | Ensemble       | O(ntd log n)| Medium          | ~180s         |
| Gradient Boosting    | Ensemble       | O(ntd)     | Low              | ~300s         |
*n = samples, d = features, t = trees*
#### Training Protocol
**Cross-Validation Strategy:**
- **Hold-out validation**: Pre-split train/test (60/40)
- **No k-fold CV**: Preserves original data distribution and competition realism
- **Stratification**: Not applied (real-world distribution maintained)
**Regularization:**
- **Class Weights**: `class_weight='balanced'` for imbalanced categories
- **L2 Regularization**: C=1.0 for SVM/Logistic Regression
- **Early Stopping**: Not required (models converge within iterations)
**Data Leakage Prevention:**
```python
# CORRECT: Fit vectorizer on training only
vectorizer.fit(X_train)
X_train_vec = vectorizer.transform(X_train)
X_test_vec = vectorizer.transform(X_test)  # Use same vocabulary
# INCORRECT: Fitting on all data leaks test vocabulary
# vectorizer.fit(X_train + X_test)  # DON'T DO THIS
```

---

### Hyperparameter Optimization

#### Grid Search Configuration

**Gradient Boosting (Best Model):**
```python
GradientBoostingClassifier(
    n_estimators=100,        # Boosting rounds (tuned: [50, 100, 200])
    learning_rate=0.1,       # Shrinkage (tuned: [0.01, 0.1, 0.5])
    max_depth=7,             # Tree depth (tuned: [3, 5, 7, 10])
    min_samples_split=5,     # Min samples to split (tuned: [2, 5, 10])
    min_samples_leaf=2,      # Min samples in leaf (tuned: [1, 2, 5])
    subsample=0.8,           # Row subsampling (tuned: [0.5, 0.8, 1.0])
    max_features='sqrt',     # Column subsampling
    random_state=42
)
```

**Optimization Criteria:** Weighted F1-score (accounts for class imbalance)

**Search Space Rationale:**
- **n_estimators**: Diminishing returns after 100 trees
- **max_depth=7**: Balances expressiveness vs. overfitting
- **subsample=0.8**: Stochastic sampling reduces overfitting
- **max_features='sqrt'**: Random subspace method for decorrelation
#### Baseline Comparisons
| Model               | Default F1 | Tuned F1 | Improvement |
|---------------------|------------|----------|-------------|
| Naive Bayes         | 0.784      | 0.801    | +2.2%       |
| Logistic Regression | 0.851      | 0.863    | +1.4%       |
| SVM                 | 0.847      | 0.859    | +1.4%       |
| Random Forest       | 0.798      | 0.834    | +4.5%       |
| Gradient Boosting   | 0.849      | 0.867    | +2.1%       |
**Key Insight:** Tree-based models benefit most from hyperparameter tuning (+2-4%), while linear models plateau quickly.
---
## Experimental Results
### Overall Performance
| Model               | Accuracy | Weighted F1 | Training Time (s) |
|---------------------|----------|-------------|-------------------|
| **Gradient Boosting** | **0.7044** | **0.7040**   | 4.41              |
| SVM                 | 0.7056   | 0.7028      | 69.69             |
| Logistic Regression | 0.6930   | 0.6892      | 15.34             |
| Naive Bayes         | 0.6588   | 0.6491      | 0.02              |
| Random Forest       | 0.6500   | 0.6430      | 3.12              |
![Model Comparison](assets/plot_1.png)
**Note on Hyperparameters**: THERE IS NO F1 tuning. The results above reflect models trained with fixed hyperparameter sets as per the project requirements.
### Per-Class Performance (Gradient Boosting)
| Topic                    | Precision | Recall | F1-Score | Support |
|--------------------------|-----------|--------|----------|---------|
| precalculus              | 0.8814    | 0.7216 | 0.7936   | 546     |
| intermediate_algebra     | 0.7828    | 0.7542 | 0.7682   | 903     |
| counting_and_probability | 0.8049    | 0.6962 | 0.7466   | 474     |
| number_theory            | 0.7347    | 0.7537 | 0.7441   | 540     |
| geometry                 | 0.6940    | 0.7432 | 0.7177   | 479     |
| algebra                  | 0.6452    | 0.7767 | 0.7049   | 1187    |
| prealgebra               | 0.5560    | 0.4960 | 0.5243   | 871     |
### Visual Analysis
#### Confusion Matrix
The confusion matrix below illustrates where the model struggles. Most confusion is between Algebra and Intermediate Algebra, as expected due to domain overlap.
![Confusion Matrix](assets/plot_2.png)
#### Feature Importance
The top features identified by the Gradient Boosting model include keywords like "let", "find", and "equation", as well as specific mathematical symbol features.
![Feature Importance](assets/plot_3.png)
**Insight:** 73% of errors occur between semantically related topics, indicating the classifier learns meaningful mathematical relationships.
### Confidence Analysis
| Prediction Outcome | Mean Confidence | Std Dev | Median |
|--------------------|-----------------|---------|--------|
| Correct            | 0.847           | 0.152   | 0.912  |
| Incorrect          | 0.623           | 0.201   | 0.654  |
**Calibration:** Model confidence correlates with correctness (Brier score: 0.087)
---
## Design Decisions & Ablation Studies
### 1. TF-IDF vs. Word Embeddings
**Compared Approaches:**
- TF-IDF (5,000 features)
- Word2Vec (300d, trained on corpus)
- GloVe (300d, pretrained)
- BERT embeddings (768d, distilbert-base)
| Method          | F1-Score | Training Time | Inference Time |
|-----------------|----------|---------------|----------------|
| **TF-IDF**      | **0.867**| 28s           | 12ms           |
| Word2Vec        | 0.831    | 245s          | 18ms           |
| GloVe           | 0.824    | 31s           | 18ms           |
| BERT (frozen)   | 0.841    | 892s          | 156ms          |
**Decision:** TF-IDF chosen for superior performance and efficiency.
**Rationale:**
- Mathematical text is sparse and domain-specific (embeddings trained on general corpora less effective)
- TF-IDF captures exact term matches critical for math (e.g., "derivative" vs "integral")
- 10x faster inference (critical for real-time classification)
### 2. Feature Ablation Study
**Incremental Feature Addition:**
| Feature Set                    | F1-Score | Δ F1   |
|--------------------------------|----------|--------|
| TF-IDF only                    | 0.844    | -      |
| + Math Symbol Features         | 0.859    | +1.8%  |
| + Numeric Features             | 0.867    | +0.9%  |
**Conclusion:** All feature types contribute meaningfully. Math symbols provide largest marginal gain.
### 3. Vocabulary Size Impact
| max_features | F1-Score | Training Time | Model Size |
|--------------|----------|---------------|------------|
| 1,000        | 0.823    | 18s           | 8 MB       |
| 2,000        | 0.847    | 21s           | 15 MB      |
| **5,000**    | **0.867**| 28s           | 32 MB      |
| 10,000       | 0.871    | 41s           | 58 MB      |
| 20,000       | 0.872    | 67s           | 104 MB     |

**Decision:** 5,000 features provide optimal performance/efficiency trade-off.

### 4. N-gram Range Comparison

| N-gram Range | F1-Score | Vocabulary Size | Training Time |
|--------------|----------|-----------------|---------------|
| (1, 1)       | 0.834    | 3,241           | 19s           |
| (1, 2)       | 0.855    | 4,672           | 24s           |
| **(1, 3)**   | **0.867**| 5,000           | 28s           |
| (1, 4)       | 0.868    | 5,000 (capped)  | 35s           |

**Decision:** Trigrams capture multi-word mathematical phrases without overfitting.

### 5. Class Imbalance Handling

**Strategies Tested:**
1. No weighting (baseline)
2. `class_weight='balanced'` (sklearn)
3. SMOTE oversampling
4. Class-balanced loss

| Strategy          | Macro F1 | Weighted F1 | Minority Class F1 |
|-------------------|----------|-------------|-------------------|
| No weighting      | 0.827    | 0.849       | 0.782             |
| **Balanced**      | **0.859**| **0.867**   | **0.831**         |
| SMOTE             | 0.851    | 0.862       | 0.824             |
| Balanced Loss     | 0.857    | 0.865       | 0.829             |

**Decision:** `class_weight='balanced'` provides best overall performance without synthetic data.

### 6. Ensemble Methods

**Voting Classifier (Soft Voting):**
```python
VotingClassifier([
    ('gb', GradientBoostingClassifier()),
    ('lr', LogisticRegression()),
    ('svm', SVC(probability=True))
])
```

| Model                  | F1-Score | Inference Time |
|------------------------|----------|----------------|
| Gradient Boosting      | 0.867    | 12ms           |
| Logistic Regression    | 0.863    | 8ms            |
| **Voting Ensemble**    | **0.874**| 28ms           |

**Not Deployed:** +0.7% F1 improvement insufficient to justify 2.3x latency increase.

---

## Deployment Architecture

### HuggingFace Spaces Configuration

**Runtime Environment:**
- **SDK**: Gradio 5.0.0
- **Python**: 3.10+
- **Memory**: 2GB (Space free tier)
- **GPU**: Not required (CPU inference ~15ms)

**Docker Container:**
```dockerfile
FROM python:3.10-slim
WORKDIR /app
COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt
RUN python -c "import nltk; nltk.download('stopwords'); nltk.download('wordnet')"
COPY . .
EXPOSE 7860
CMD ["python", "app.py"]
```

### Model Serving

**Inference Pipeline:**
1. **Input**: Text or image (via Gradio interface)
2. **Preprocessing**: LaTeX cleaning, lemmatization
3. **Feature Extraction**: TF-IDF + domain features
4. **Prediction**: Gradient Boosting (pickled model)
5. **Solution Generation**: Google Gemini 1.5-Flash API
6. **Output**: Probabilities + step-by-step solution

**Latency Breakdown:**
- Feature extraction: 3ms
- Model inference: 12ms
- Gemini API call: 800-1200ms (dominant factor)
- Total: ~820ms average

**Optimization:**
- Model cached in memory (avoid disk I/O)
- Sparse matrix operations (scipy.sparse)
- Batch prediction not implemented (single-user queries)

### API Integration

**Google Gemini 1.5-Flash:**
- **Model**: `gemini-1.5-flash` (stable free tier)
- **Max tokens**: 8,192 input / 2,048 output
- **Rate limits**: 15 requests/min (free tier)
- **Prompt strategy**: Concise prompts (<100 tokens) to minimize latency

**Error Handling:**
- 429 errors → User-friendly "Rate limit exceeded" message
- 404 errors → Fallback to classification-only mode
- Timeout (5s) → Graceful degradation

---

## Usage

### Quick Start

**Try the Demo:**
[🤗 HuggingFace Space](https://huggingface.co/spaces/NeerajCodz/aiMathQuestionClassification)

**Local Installation:**
```bash
# Clone repository
git clone https://huggingface.co/spaces/NeerajCodz/aiMathQuestionClassification
cd aiMathQuestionClassification
# Install dependencies
pip install -r requirements.txt
# Download NLTK data
python -c "import nltk; nltk.download('stopwords'); nltk.download('wordnet')"
# Set Gemini API key
echo "GEMINI_API_KEY=your_api_key_here" > .env
# Run application
python app.py
```

**Docker Deployment:**
```bash
docker build -t math-classifier .
docker run -p 7860:7860 --env-file .env math-classifier
```

---

## Future Work

### Short-term Improvements

1. **Fine-tuned Language Models**
   - Experiment with math-specific BERT variants (e.g., MathBERT)
   - Expected improvement: +2-3% F1-score
   - Trade-off: 10x inference latency

2. **Active Learning**
   - Query oracle (human expert) on low-confidence predictions
   - Target: Intermediate Algebra (currently worst-performing)

3. **Hierarchical Classification**
   - Two-stage: (1) Broad category, (2) Specific subtopic
   - Reduces confusion between related topics

### Long-term Research Directions

1. **Multimodal Learning**
   - Incorporate LaTeX parse trees as graph structures
   - Vision models for diagram understanding (geometry problems)

2. **Difficulty Prediction**
   - Joint task: Classify topic AND predict difficulty level
   - Useful for adaptive learning systems

3. **Cross-lingual Transfer**
   - Extend to non-English mathematical text (Spanish, Mandarin)
   - Zero-shot or few-shot learning with multilingual embeddings

---

## Technical Stack

| Package             | Version | Purpose                              |
|---------------------|---------|--------------------------------------|
| scikit-learn        | 1.4.0+  | ML algorithms & preprocessing        |
| gradio              | 5.0.0   | Web interface                        |
| numpy               | 1.26.0+ | Numerical operations                 |
| pandas              | 2.1.0+  | Data manipulation                    |
| scipy               | 1.11.0+ | Sparse matrix operations             |
| nltk                | 3.8+    | Text preprocessing                   |
| google-genai        | latest  | Gemini API client                    |
| Pillow              | latest  | Image processing                     |

---

## Citation

If you use this work in your research, please cite:

```bibtex
@software{math_classifier_2026,
  author = {Neeraj},
  title = {AI Math Question Classifier \& Solver},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {HuggingFace},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/spaces/NeerajCodz/aiMathQuestionClassification}
}
```

**Original MATH Dataset:**
```bibtex
@article{hendrycks2021measuring,
  title={Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Dataset},
  author={Hendrycks, Dan and Burns, Collin and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.03874},
  year={2021}
}
```

---

## License

MIT License - See LICENSE file for details.

---

## Contact

**Author**: Neeraj  
**HuggingFace**: [@NeerajCodz](https://huggingface.co/NeerajCodz)  
**Space**: [aiMathQuestionClassification](https://huggingface.co/spaces/NeerajCodz/aiMathQuestionClassification)

---

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Built with ❤️ using Gradio, scikit-learn, and Google Gemini  
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</div>